Strategies In Cancer Chemotherapy Cytarabine An Assessment Biology Essay Example For Students

Systems In Cancer Chemotherapy Cytarabine An Assessment Biology Essay Cytarabine other than known as ( Ara-C ) is an endovenous chemotherapeutic medication regularly used to deal with intense myelocytic leukemia. This is a threatening neoplastic ailment arranged on the myeloid line of platelets, portrayed by the fast developing of unnatural white platelets that aggregate in the bone marrow. Ara-C attacks both harmful and non-dangerous cells as they experience DNA blend. The system of activity of each medication is multifaceted yet mainly includes smothering DNA blend. Ara-C is moved into the cell where it is enacted by phosphorylation. Deoxyribonucleic corrosive propagation happens at the taking strand of the multiplication fork by add-on of the bases in the 5? A ; gt ; 3? approach to sort out one new young lady strand. The second young lady strand outcomes from multiplication of the slacking Deoxyribonucleic corrosive strand at the generation fork where the slacking strand repeats spasmodically and requires amalgamation of a groundwork. Okazaki parts are intermediates made from the slacking strand as a result. The pace of propagation for nuclear DNA is every now and again raised in dangerous cells, particularly in forceful tumors, relative to environing sound tissues. Interruption of DNA multiplication of harmful cells restrains tumor developing and extension. In this manner interfering with DNA amalgamation specially targets harmful cells. Ara-C accomplishments this component to stamp down tumor developing. Ara-C can make this since it is an equal of cytidine and becomes misincorporated into DNA during multiplication on the other hand of cytidine doing changes in the development, stableness and protein following highlights of the young lady DNA. Cytarabine hinders DNA lengthening, with concealment happening dominantly at the slacking strand of the proliferation fork. It is other than a S-stage explicit operator upon initiation and is a competitory inhibitor of DNA polymerase alpha and beta. Restraint of DNA blend through untimely connection lapse, competitory concealment and the powerlessness of DNA polymerases to stick enough to DNA young lady strands causes dangerous cell customized cell demise. Medication Discovery: Cytarabine for example Ara-C was gotten from perception picked up from the examination of bioactive Marine nucleosides, found in the marine condition. Cytarabine is an outline of a marine-determined medication. The medication was premier found in 1945 by a scientist named Werner Bergmann who gathered wipes from the shallow Waterss from Elliot Key, Florida. This unidentified species called Cryptotethia crypta named by Dr. M. W. De Laubenfels found a greater amount of these soaks up the Islands in the Bahamas. Upon closer investigation by the way of heating up the wipes in propanone in a Soxhlet extractor arrangement, Bergmann watched crystalline stuff isolated from the propanone. This wanderer stuff was seen as a constituent in a blend of medications utilized for the mediation for intense lymphoblastic leukemia. UV investigation in the signifier of an absorbing range that was like the development of the nucleotide thymidine. This new compound like thymidine was named spongothymidine s ince the compound was gotten from wipes. This prompted the locate that a nucleoside has organic movement. The resulting explosion of mixes and these discovers prompted the assignment of a nearby equal, C arabinoside, as amazing antileukemic operator and was later marketed by Upjohn ( now referred to as Pharmacia ) as Ara-C. Other close to mixes, for example, Ara-A were integrated and popularized by Burroughs Wellcome ( now GSK ) . PC helped sedate structure can be utilized to happen the main dynamic restricting locales. These clinging locales journalist to deoxycytidine place significant ties to useful gatherings other than present inside DNA in malignant cells, for example the imprint compounds engaged with DNA amalgamation. PC helped sedate structure permits the medication configuration to be comparative in development to cytidine for example be a cytidine equal. .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff , .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff .postImageUrl , .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff , .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff:hover , .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff:visited , .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff:active { border:0!important; } .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff:active , .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff:hover { murkiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-embellishment: underline; } .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05d bcb0ff .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ucd6731d3378c12d53f9033b05dbcb0ff:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Pearl Harbor Conspiracy EssayActive webpage volumes of dCKc and dCKm were determined by bring forthing the following pockets of the chemicals. These of which are like the development of Ara-C: Medication Synthesis: It is conceivable to blend cytarabine, ara-C using the undermentioned amalgamation way. This way is other than utilized and built up for the union of ara-AC, an ara-C inferred work. This subsidiary contains an overabundance N heteroatom inside the ring. The principal measure in the combination way includes hydrogenation of the underlying compound using H over a palladium quickening agent. This is an outline of a heterogeneous quickening agent that gives a surface to the reactant atoms. The reactant is set in an ethanolic H chloride arrangement taking to the abatement of the double bond. The accompanying stage in the blend way is intercession of the second compound at room temperature with bis-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide ( BFTFA ) in acetonitrile arrangement delivered the pentakis-trimethylsilyl inferred work. This is permitted to reflux for a few hours until full change to the last product ara-C is finished. Vaporization of the response arrangement produces syrup where it is bubbled in methyl liquor to take trimethylsilyl bunches by solvolysis. Ara-C is so solidified from the arrangement as an outcome. Medication Selectivity, authority and SAR: Cytarabine boss imprint for example selectivity is undefined to that of the nucleoside deoxycytidine because of the reality it is a nucleoside equal. It acts primarily as a competitory inhibitor to cytidine triphosphate. Ara-C is utilized in vivo to ara-CTP and rivals CTP during DNA union with Deoxyribonucleic corrosive polymerases both alpha and beta. To practice its cytoxic impacts, cytarabine is changed over stomach muscle initio to the 5-phosphate by means of rate confining phosphorylation catalyzed by deoxycytidine kinase ( dCK ) in tumor cells thus at last to its 5-triphosphate ara-CTP. Ara-CTP probably Acts of the Apostless both by smothering the authoritative of 2-deoxycytidine triphosphate to DNA polymerase and by joining into extending DNA strands, following in flawed ligation or uncomplete combination of Deoxyribonucleic corrosive sections lastly cell perish customized cell passing. Focuses of this chemotherapeutic medication other than incorporate following destinations of the reporter atom cytidine. The authority of the ara-C is by the by constrained in its open assistance company as an enemy of malignant growth nucleoside in light of hapless intracellular transport highlights. Other than it has a frail movement as a substrate for tumor cell kinases. Subsequently the advancement of medication restriction as a result from diminished nucleoside kinase movement as brought down the effectuality of this specialist. Tumor cells lacking in dCK ( deoxycytidine kinase ) are very invulnerable to cytarabine, so intramolecular bringing of ara-CMP may be relied upon to assault restriction in these phones. Ara-C and comparable nucleoside matches enter cells by means of explicit transporters which are vital to ara-C cytotoxicity in human tumor cells. Subsequently nucleoside transporter lacking cells are very safe to cytarabine. Thusly to go to this activity a prodrug of cytarabine is combined and utilized then again which can spread inactively into cells where it is processed into a functioning signifier, for example intracellular actuation, and thusly beats obstruction employments, for example, limiting nucleoside transporters. A representation of a prodrug is cytarabine phosphoramidate. An in-vitro review test on tumor dangerous lymphoid cells demonstrated the medication inh

POLICY MEMO PAPER ON DOMESTIC POVERTY Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Arrangement MEMO ON DOMESTIC POVERTY - Research Paper Example Accordingly, preservationists accept that the answers for the United States destitution level files ought to underscore more on higher relationships rates, moral obligation, and less births without any father present. Nonetheless, on the opposite side, dissidents accept that the answers for the destitution level lists in the United States can be tended to by concentrating consideration on the negative effects of cutting government spending plans for against neediness programs, the requirement for organizing youth advancement programs and tending to the negative impacts of demonstrating charge reliefs to the well off. As per report from the Bread for the World Institute about 12.9% of individuals in the United states are poor, suggesting that 1/8 individuals you go over in the United States at any rate one is poor. Furthermore, the report further expresses that about 12.1% are likewise food shaky, now and then alluded to us â€Å"at danger of hunger† Therefore, it's anything but a fortuitous event that food and destitution rates are at similar levels. Consequently, this is a clear ramifications that the regardless of the broad of the 1990s government assistance changes and the ongoing year’s financial development in the United States, household destitution despite everything stays a major test (Melissa and Benjamin, 2014). The idea of government assistance changes in the U.S. is anything but another thought. The Federal government has been liable for financing low-salary Americans’ appropriation programs in the previous years with the point of lessening destitution to empower low-pay families achieve independence through for example TANF program (Office of Family Assistance, 1999). For example, a portion of the destinations of the TANF program are: Cursorily, the targets previously mentioned appear not be supporting for the lasting remain of the low salary workers in the government assistance programs, yet with the commencement of the government assistance programs by the Federal government, the issue of destitution has declined throughout the years paying little mind to the accomplishments made monetarily. Hence, the contribution of

12 HUGE Job Interview Mistakes to Avoid

12 HUGE Job Interview Mistakes to Avoid We’ve jabbered here about approaches to do your absolute best during a meeting. You know to come arranged, to ace those intense inquiries questions, to dress expertly, and to extend certainty. Be that as it may, shouldn't something be said about negative behavior patterns and off-putting conduct you probably won't understand sneak into these significant associations? Here’s a rundown ofâ mistakesâ to read over before any meeting keep away from the accompanying and you’ll be well en route to getting recruited. 1. You’re too nervousEven if you’re so apprehensive you could pee, attempt and keep your cool. Present yourself at your best and generally certain, regardless of whether you need to counterfeit it. What's more, never at any point say you’re apprehensive. Your questioner won’t figure you can deal with the activity if the meeting has you that shaken up!2. Everything you can discuss is moneyJust like on an initial hardly any date with another person, it’s not a smart thought to pester pay. Compensation dealings are significant, yet can (and should) be done toward the finish of the meeting procedure. Concentrate rather on making sense of whether you’re a solid match for the organization and bad habit versa.3. You inform the questioner concerning your weaknessesUnless they unequivocally ask you the old â€Å"What’s your greatest weakness?† question or you’ve got an extraordinary story of surviving and personal development, hold your tongue. Concentrate on your qualities instead.4. You show up too desperateThe time for setting expectations comes later. Right off the bat, you’re attempting to show the organization that you can give them what they need-not the reverse way around. Distress regularly looks like shortcoming. What's more, requesting an excess of too early can cause you to appear to be high-maintenance.5. Everything you can discuss is the perksOkay, so they have a pool in the hall and Summer Fridays and a frozen yogurt truck. Or on the other hand a Cadillac protection approach. Quiet down about it. Your boss will think you’re simply after the activity for the advantages, not the work. You’ll get the advantages when you get the job!6. You utilize negative keywordsStrike all words like â€Å"terrible,† â€Å"awful,† â€Å"no good,† â€Å"very bad,† and so forth from your meeting jargon. Don’t talk about how â€Å"horrible† your last employment was, or even the amount you â€Å"hate† the new period of True Detective. You’ll sound unpleasant, backstabbing, and like somebody who won’t be a great deal of enjoyable to be around.7. You use words that put on a show of being cavalier or detached aggressiveThere’s no real way to not feel like an individual is hiding something when you ask her how she is and she says, â€Å"fine.† It’s obscure, best case scenario, pompous even from a pessimistic standpoint, and just makes you look unequipped for clear and genuine correspondence. Think of something better!8. You inadvertently swearJust don’t do it. Regardless of whether your questioner does. There’s a period and a spot for four-letter words and the one hour in which you’re attempting to establish your best first connection isn't that time.9. You apologize a lot during the interviewNever use â€Å"sorry† as discussion filler or to attempt to sound progressively amiable. It can make you appear to be latent, uncertain, or more regrettable inactive forceful and you won’t venture the certainty you have to get the job.10. You uncover such a large number of individual mattersConsider â€Å"divorce,† â€Å"pregnant,† â€Å"sick,† and other individual life issue words prohibited for the meeting. Don’t give your questioner any motivation to scrutinize your activity perfo rmance.11. You use such a large number of filler keywordsFiller words like â€Å"actually† and â€Å"just† are frequently conversational tics that don’t convey a lot. â€Å"Actually† can likewise appear to be very estranging when used to address something the questioner said. Concentrate rather on talking obviously and succinctly and conveying exactly what you intend to say.12. You got some information about the get-away packagesAsking about time offâ and excursion bundles at your meeting makes it seem as though you can’t hold up to maximize your days off and miss as much work as possible pull off. Spare these significant inquiries for the subsequent meetings or your HR rep.

The Ganges River - Free Essay Example

The Ganges River: See, Judge, Act Using the Catholic Social Teaching Method See the Ganges River: The Ganges River is approximately 1,560 miles long and is located in in India and Bangladesh. Much of the water comes from China, Tibet and Myanmar. The river is located in a large plain which includes a lot of fertile farming area.. It is important to the hundreds of millions of people who live along its banks as a water source and for transportation, power, and food. Over four hundred million people use the river as a source for water, cooking and bathing. The river is used as a source of water for irrigation systems for their crops. It also provides water for drinking and bathing. The river supports a great number of fish species which serve as a food source for the growing population. Since the river is not too deep, it is used for transportation and moving goods with the use of flat bottom boats, small sail boats and steamer ships. It is like a highway of water for trade and people. Both India and Nepal draw hydroelectric power from the river and its tributaries. These power plants have also contributed to negative environmental impacts on animals, plants and have even forced some people to relocate. It flows from the Himalayas at about thirty miles in altitude into the Bay of Bengal. The river also flows through Bangladesh a large populated city. While the region used to be rich in forest and wildlife, it is now mostly agricultural farm land which supports the people who live along the river. Over the years, the population in the river basin has been diverse, including different ethnic, cultural, and religious groups. However, the Hindu faith has considered the river central to their faith and religious practice for centuries. It is probably one of the most revered rivers by any religion in the world. Cattle are often given free use of the river and since they are also considered a religious symbol, they are protected and allowed to roam free including eating garbage from the river. Ganges or Ganga in Hindi is important to the Hindu religion. Hindus believe the river personifies the goddess Ganga and when you bathe in the river, your sins are gone and you can be released from the cycle of life. So many followers bathe in the river. They also are buried in the river. Judge the Ganges: With the hundreds of millions of people living along the river, the pollution of the river is a major issue. Many cities pump untreated sewer into the river. Many people and cities dump raw garbage into the river hoping it will carry it away from them. With all of the farms, runoff that includes pesticides also contributes to the pollution and can affect humans and animals that use the river for drinking water or bathing. The pollution affects the plant life in and around the river. It can generate many bacteria which can make people and animals sick. The Hindu faith believes all living things are part of God and should be revere. They revere the Ganges. But how will the Ganges continue to live if everyone keeps allowing it to be polluted? Pope Francis in Laudato Si speaks about the interconnectedness of all humanity with respect to the environment (Francis, 2015). The Hindus cannot prevent the continued pollution of the river on their own. They have to get all of the people, regardless of being different religions to work together to protect the river and clean it up. Using the theory of Praxis, the followers of Hindu as well as other religions who also believe that taking care of the planet is important to their faith, need to work together to turn their ethical beliefs based on their faith into a plan of action to clean up and protect the Ganges. In the Catholic faith, Jesus would and Pope Francis would say that we should all work together to stop the pollution clean and protect the river. All life is sacred and the Catholic faith teaches that we have to take care of the planet as good stewards. We must protect the life that lives in and along the river. This includes fish, animals, plants and people. As importantly, each of us must learn about the other faith so that we can work together in a way that is not offensive, but instead look for common beliefs and values from which to take action. Pope Benedict and Pope Francis have taught that the environment belongs to all of us as it does not have any borders. Just as the Ganges flows across countries and borders, the air we breathe blows around the planet. We must be work together to solve the pollution problems and it is our responsibility to take care of pollution where ever it is as eventually, it will affect all of Gods creatures. We have an obligation to prevent that from happening. So many religions, Islam, Judaism and other believe the environment should be protected based on the tenets of their faith. The Indian government has tried many approaches to clean up the Ganges. They created various agencies and groups, but nothing has worked. Maybe the solution lies in our common faith based values and ethics. The Indian government could make the cleaning up and protection of the Ganges an exercise of faith. All of the other faiths would have to take the time to understand the Hindu faiths reverence for the Ganges, and ensure they approach the problem with the sensitivity needed to be respectful of their beliefs. But this would be a great time for the different religions to come to some understanding and work together on a real world problem, and actually solve the problem. In this way, we all put our faith into practice in real world experience and make our planet that we all must share better for all of us. We can then take this model of cooperation and use it in other places on the planet.

Memorize Latin From the Aeneid by Vergil/Virgil

One technique that may help if you are trying to re-learn Latin is to memorize a chunk of Latin poetry and make it your own. For this purpose, you might want to memorize the first 11 lines of Vergils (or Virgils) Aeneid. Arma virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab orisItaliam, fato profugus, Laviniaque venitlitora, multum ille et terris iactatus et altovi superum saevae memorem Iunonis ob iram;multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem,inferretque deos Latio, genus unde Latinum,Albanique patres, atque altae moenia Romae.Musa, mihi causas memora, quo numine laeso,quidve dolens, regina deum tot volvere casusinsignem pietate virum, tot adire laboresimpulerit. Tantaene animis caelestibus irae? Listen to Robert Sonkowsky reading this passage to get a sense of the pronunciation and rhythm of Classical Latin. After you have begun to learn the passage, read a translation and try to make the translation and the Latin go together. What you do with this chunk of Latin is up to you. You may just keep it in mind as a reminder of the word order in Latin – the first clause is â€Å"arms and the man I sing,† with the verb at the end. Or the fact that certain sentences, like the final question, don’t require an expressed verb at all. Or you may keep the whole passage in mind to remember the names, (Juno, Lavinia, Latium, Italia, Troy, and Alba). Or to try to make sense of the early legendary history of Rome. But here is my suggestion. After you have the passage down cold, try writing your own translation into good English. Then try reverse translating back into Latin prose. The purpose is not to do worry too much about the syntax but to see how different your phrase structure is from Vergil’s . If nothing else, this should give you an appreciation for the variety provided by the Latin language. Example: I sing about arms and the manarma et virum ego cano.

Marketing Debate - 4263 Words

MARKETING DEBATE 1: What Makes Business-to-Business Marketing Different? Take a position: Business-to-business marketing requires a special, unique set of marketing concepts and principles. Business-to-business marketing (often referred to as B2B) is the development and marketing of services and products to business, governmental, and institutional markets at the local, national, or international level, rather than private retail consumers (Reference for BusinessEncyclopedia of Business, 2nd edition) There are various distinctions in business-to-business marketing from other types of marketing. Some different points are mentioned as below: †¢ Relationship driven †¢ Maximize the value of the relationship †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦B2B Sales rely heavily on personal interactions Unlike sales to consumers, B2B marketing doesn’t happen through tightly controlled and communications like television commercials or other mass media but through one-to-one customer relationship building, through personal interaction. B2B company demands for sophisticated sales management and an educated, knowledgeable, trained staff whose words and actions can have strong influence in the B2B buyers. B2B Marketing starts on the inside Most people working within a B2C company have little actual contact with the customer. However, in B2B, countless people within the company, not just marketing staff, have access to and interact with the customer. All of those people need to understand the brand, live the brand, and deliver the brand every day. Therefore, the B2B marketer’s first job is to market internally and align others in order to create brand ambassadors. In conclusion, Business-to-business marketing requires a special, unique set of marketing concepts and principles. Many B2B companies have succeeded in Vietnam by knowing well their prepositions, strong business value, great relationship driven, knowledgeable workforce, well understanding of customer base. The case of Canon, Panasonic and local companies like TA communication have made these points right.Show MoreRelatedMarketing Debate Essay1061 Words   |  5 PagesIs Consumer Behavior More a Function of a Person’s Age or Generation? MKT 6661 Strategic Marketing Management Troy University Introduction A heavily debated issue between marketers is what drives consumer behavior? 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Social Movements for Geographies of Resistance - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSocial Movements for Geographies of Resistance. Answer: Introduction Cultural achievements and social conflicts form the roots our social lives. The proper understanding of geographical concepts helps people develop their abilities on how to interpret the impacts of their social movements (Worden, 2012). China is a democratic state that makes no pretense in its political system. China has been growing both politically and economically hence creating a broad importance in its global affairs. However, there are sustained political struggles which create inattention to the social movements disciplines, demands, and the robust conceptual tools that the people can use to analyze contentious issues that collectively concern their social lives in the global political arena (Wolf, 2009). To fill this void, social movement research has begun. The opponents of this article maintain that the most fruitful strategies for conceptualizing these geographical underpinnings of social movements would be the proper examination of how these issues of scale, place, and sp ace affect the already identified processes in the establishment of political and sociological science literature on social movements. The aim of this article is to provide a policy brief that addresses the sustained resistance to political geographies as an issue of contention written by the opponents of social movement with a clear argument on why these social movement demands should or should not be addressed, and the sort of actions that needs to get taken to ensure that the societys social movement demands succeed or fail. Policy Brief Overview This policy brief focuses on the views given by the opponents of the social movement. A social movement is associated with people's collective behavior, and this cannot get consigned to the lack of irrational behavior by people who protest to defend their rights. The opponents of social movement differ on the approaches that organizations pay attention to collectively in their response. Social movements will be viewed as a set of different opinions and views held by people, and their beliefs that represent preferences for changing some aspects of the social structure of the society (Tilly, 2004). On the other side, countermovement will be seen as a set of views, beliefs, and opinions in a population that are opposed to social movements. To this extend, leaders with proper political experiences are required to lead such social movements. In every social movement, politics must take effect, and this creates social unrest in the concerned society. Political geographies of resistance remain a terrain of opposition that has been contested for over an extended period. Critical claims forming the neoliberal governance and neocolonial dominance associated with global integration faces intense and complicated complains from people that critique "resistance" with considerable attention. The political battle for statehood is considered as a step by political parties to bring prospect, success, and sustainability in a nation (Amoore, 2005). Fight for power has been the topic of discussion in the whole world since most states and countries are opponents of democracy for their leaders want a dictatorship to prevail and take its course in the long-term governance of such nations. People have diverse ideas on this matter, and this has formed numerous descriptions about the human spirit, sexual subjectification perceptions, political forces, and even romance based critiques by the social groups. In the recent past, social movement research has intensively grown. However, research on social movement perspectives shows that this concept has been neglected by the government. About geographies of resistance, is defined as an organized, sustained and self-conscious challenge that portrays the shared identity of the affected participants (Opp, 2009). Politicize is a menace that must get addressed for a nation to succeed (Bellamy, 2006). There have been advanced concerns by political parties, coalitions, protest groups, and other interested parties on the engagements used in the resolution of political conflicts within nations, particularly China. Research evidence that there have been sustained series of protests by people due to divisive politicking that the politicians engage in the daily lives (Opp, 2009). However, the use of formal representation in the national governments has been helpful in the resolution of these associated problems. Issues of Contention The main topics of contention discussed in this policy brief are resistance to bad governance which entails public demonstrations, voting processes, and social riots when persons demand changes in the power exercise and distribution (Nicholls, Miller, Beaumont, 2013). Social movements reflect a set of conflicts that are dominant in a given community. In this policy brief, resistance to political geographies of resistance will get highly discussed about social-economic forces, racial subjectification, and other sexual crisis which arise from the uneven representation in the government (Goodwin Jasper, 2003. Geographies of resistance stretch to revolutions, repression, revenge, retaliation, revanchist, reprisal, and rebellions that repeatedly create differences among the social groups hence resorting to the human crisis. In a broader view of these issues of contention, this policy brief focuses on different segments as discussed below: Protest Technologies Developed by Social Movements and Ways they are Conceptualized Under the topic; Geographies of resistance, social movement groups, use various technologies while protesting against the opponents of social movements in the society (North, 2011). There has been a parallel growth of social movements to technological changes in the communities. Social movements intertwine with technology at different levels. From the intervention of the press to the diffusion of television, social movements have been given new opportunities of organization and expression to the society (Holloway, 2002). The use of media especially TV is the primary protest technology that the social movement groups have developed to fight politicking. Social movements have been meeting, reshaping, and appropriating technological devices that support their protest actions against bad governance in the society. The critical grassroots to political participation has been the dominant force behind the establishment of protest technologies. Social movements have always been led by political activists whose technical knowledge and competence cannot get questioned. The use of internet and social media is a technology that activists have been using to command a mass following against political wrangles in the society (Hudson, 2005). The social movement leaders are sociological, cultural, and media experts who know how to intertwine these subject with the use of internet technology in developing a social change in the form of demonstrations within the society. On the other side, these developed protest technologies have been conceptualized by the political activists who lead the protest social movement groups. Unique communication and forms of organization have been some of the primary tools under which these protest technologies are conceptualized and positioned to the protesting groups by these political activists. Further, labor movement groups led by union leaders have organized work boycotts, strikes, and free speech fights against poor governance and leadership as a tool to conceptualize the laid down protest technologies in the society (Lunghi Wheeler, 2012). The adoption of a commission marketing scheme by political activists has also been a tool to position these protest technologies in the societies. Also, in the case of terrorism which is planned by IT experts, the use of direct mail technology has facilitated the spread of the proposed terror action to their members across the globe. Historical/ Contemporary Social Movements In this contemporary society, the society has taken new social movements against geographies of resistance. Beyond illusion retention to symmetric conflicts, other political goals, and advanced insistence to looming politicide the society has been superior in defending its rights. The voting process is nearly exercised in every state whereby the society exercises their democratic right to elect their leaders who would ensure fair distribution of resources and equitable exercise of power. In every democratic state, people have been using ballot boxes to elect MPs who would represent constituency interests to the central government and ensure that their demands are met. Purely non-violent protests and demonstrations are also other contemporary social movements. Additionally, in the events these demands are inadequately represented by the political leaders to the national government, people have always exercised their democratic right to protest and demonstrate peacefully against bad governance and leadership. Protesting in the streets has been the most common social movement in this contemporary society. Some of the reasons behind society's demonstrations have been fighting for human rights such as sex abuse, racism, corruption, nepotism, and improper allocation of resources to the constituency level by the top government. Other times, parliamentary debates have been crucial in the representation of public interest by the elect MPs, and in the event, this fails, demons trations and protests have been advocated. The high pressure of politicide that makes social communities fail to enjoy the unwavering hegemonic powers and their right is the primary factor behind social movements. Historically and since time immemorial, politics has been a vice. Politicking is viewed as a menace behind social-economic challenges that the world as a society face. The sharp rise of social disparities, internal rifts in governance, and the drastic decreases in economic possibilities for the lower and middle-class people in the society established social movements to fight the bad politics. Historically, people have been voting for their leaders who would represent their views, opinions, interests, and grievances from the constituency to the national government for their rights to be addressed. There have been violent resistances to politicking majorly through geographies of resistance through terror attacks. For example, the Palestine's terror attacks to Israelites were considered as an economic threat to Israel. This created a social movement entitled the delegitimization efforts to seek for historical justice and respect to humanity. This fight for historical truth was associated with the battle for sovereign democracy since the Palestines were out to bring about Israel to doom. Responses Open to Opponents of Social Movements Social movements exercise their democratic right to protest, demonstrate, and vote against lousy leadership that adversely affects their social lives. Denial of democracy and exercise of politicking leads to the inequitable distribution of resources, abuse of human rights, racism, corruption, and other forms of political fraud schemes (Mason, 2012). Where politicking exists, the societies suffer lack of basic social amenities. However, the opponents of social movements argue that protests and demonstrations against the leadership of the state slow down the growth in the economy. These scholars postulate that democracy should suffer in the name of economic progress, but this is untrue. No taxpayers are happy when they do not see the value of the tax they pay. Again, it is not human when a particular group of people in the society fail to pay taxes while other people pay (North Longhurst, 2015). These arguments form the geographies of resistance to politicking by the community through streets protests and demonstration. It is a point of concern as to why the opponents of social movements maintain their position, and yet we all suffer lousy governance as a country. Grounded on these arguments, there are various responses open to opponents of social movements by the societys members and these include: a). Protest and demonstrations are considered as reform movements: Peaceful demonstrations are the societys democratic right and are significantly instigated to bring change to a countrys political, social, and economic systems (North Longhurst, 2015). Unlike the opponents of social movements, protests do not overthrow the existing regime but instead works to resolve bad governance in the society. b). Voting is a democratic right: Democratically, people, vote and elect their preferred MPs in the ballot box and should not get opposed. Most activists campaign against their political rivals to gain political mileage in an election period (McCarthy Zald, 1977). Reforms within a nation can only be reflected by the will of the people on the ballot, and this is the right response to the opponents of social actions by the society. c). Social movements improve personal lives and defend the societys rights: Activists call for social measures against the government when politicking creates corruption, abuse of human rights, and inequitable distribution of resources. Unlike the opponents of social movements who argue that they tarnish a country's name, the proponents of social movements affirm that this is the primary vehicle for achieving national transformation (Meyer et al., 2002). Limitations of Protest and Mobilization Protest and mobilization acts of social movement groups against politicking have their demerits. Protests and mobilizations are considered unprofessional acts taken by political activists as this does not depict their right image to the positions they hold in the government (Martin, 2015). Social movement actions are based on diverse social beliefs some of which are unconstitutional and do not follow the established dynamics of demonstrations by the constitution, and this creates social, political, and economic unrest to a nation. In a nutshell, the most common limitations of protests and mobilization acts as argued by the opponents of social movements are: a). Time-critical feats and real-time mapping crises: The organization of mass rallies to mobilize the society to protest over vast geographies creates political crises. Despite the significant importance of protests, social mobilization makes the society over exited and demand immediate action by the government on their social concerns. When this is prolonged, crowd effect in the streets prolongs too hence harming the economy. b). Time limitation: The use of social media and the internet in the mobilization of large masses of persons requires cover-age of vast informational geographies and landscapes, and this is highly limited in time. The use of social media platforms is abused as activists mobilize voluntary disasters to a country, and this is harmful. c). Limited understanding of the use of technology: Some activists have been spot abusing protest technologies. For instance, Osama Bin Laden terrorist acts were speared through the technology (Gibson-Graham, 2008). The use of technology in the designing of suicide bombs has an adverse impact on the society as a whole since innocent souls are killed in the course of protests by the social movements. Specific Historical or Contemporary Social Movement Using Social Movement Theory The social movement theory explains how mobilization occurs, the forms under which the mobilization is manifest, and also the potential political and social-cultural consequences that the mobilization poses. In this policy brief, under the post-industrial economy that started in the mid of 1960s, voting over the ballot box has been a social movement that specifically has been transmitted from the western societies to nearly all nations in the world. Voting as a historical, social movement action follows certain processes in how it manifests itself as well as the consequences it has to a nation both socially and politically (Gee, 2011). In reference to social movement theory, through the voting process, people elect their preferred leaders who represent their demands regarding social amenities from the national government. As a result, this historical social movement leads to stability in the social, cultural, and political activities within the society. Contemporary, protests and peaceful demonstrations have been used by most social movements. According to the social movement theory, demonstrations require the social mobilization of masses and the impact of mobilization is manifest socially, economically, and politically within the society (Featherstone, 2008). Protests are aimed at protecting the public interest from politicking. However, protests potentially destabilize a nation's economy while on the other side ensure that the social demands are addressed according to by the government. Conclusion There has been a slowed action by geographers in their analysis of the particular processes and mechanisms that motivate people to participate, engage, and co-operate the eradication of increased resistance to political geographies of resistance with the powerful and rich adversaries in their nation. Politics has both advantages and disadvantages in every democratic nation. The sustained interactions between people in the political powers and other persons claiming to speak on behalf of social constituencies lacking formal representation have raised demonstrations. Poor politicking prevents equity in power distribution to the constituencies as well as the fair allotment of social amenities. Public demonstration implies social unrest due to a feeling of unfair treatment to the citizens by the government. Therefore, all democratic countries should form social movement groups and raise their grievances peacefully as they seek for amicable resolution from the government. References Amoore, L., Ed. (2005). The Global Resistance Reader. London, Routledge. Bellamy, A (2006). "Just wars from Cicero to Iraq," Polity, Cambridge. Chapter 7, Terrorism Featherstone, D. (2008). Resistance, space and the making of political identities Oxford,Blackwell with RGS/IBG. Gee, T. (2011). 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